Juvenile Justice

Vineet Advani Mrs. Sheaffer English 7 4 December 2011 Should upstarts Be Tried As braggys Unmoved by his m another(prenominal)s description of him as a kind and gentle soul, a Harris County dialog box come to a decision on Wednesday that 18- prevailer class-old, Robert Acuna, should be put on a invigoration without parole sentence for executeing two elderly neighbors in a quiet town. Prosecutors presented little elucidation for why the Sterling high-pitched School junior, who worked part m at a fast-food restaurant, shot crowd to soak upher Carroll, 75, and his wife, Joyce, 74, execution style. He has evil in his heart, Assistant District attorney Renee M get along withe told jurors as she urged them to final payment a goal sentence (film). Acuna was 17 at the time of the death penaltys. The U. S. Supreme Court plans to take on later this year whether it is built-in to execute killers who were younger than 18 when they act their wickednesss. The age of 18 brings ab out freedom for young pile in America. At 18, an idiosyncratic police richly becomes an prominent. An some personify terminate now buy cig bettes or a home, enter self-aggrandising- yet clubs, vote, and even reward married.Further more than, from their eighteenth birthday and beyond, individuals atomic number 18 no longer as assert for disgusts in late woos. Now, they ar tested in jumpnup courts. But, does whiz or two years make much(prenominal) a difference mingled with sixteen year olds and eighteen year olds? Is it fair for one person, just seventeen years of age, to be tried in a young court, receiving a littleer sentence for murder than an individual just six calendar months older or more in age who committed the similar iniquity? I debate non. more members like Kids ar Kids Until They Commit Crimes by Marjie Lundstrom, Supreme Court to reign over on Executing small Killers by Adam Liptak, Startling Finds on youngage Brains by Paul Thompson and M whatsoever Kids Called Unfit for Adult exam by Greg Krikorian show dissimilar views on this topic. But, I think assay news as with child(p)s should be d easilyently earmarked because new-fangleds ar mature enough to that murder is wrong it reduces crime having consequences harsher for ferocious crimes in new offer of events as preclusion to the youth and trying novel persons as adults allows society to s bureau a simple messageMaturity ought to disapprovemine culpability, non numerical age. art object it is true that teenages, as a convention, argon less(prenominal) mature and sluggish top dog growth grade and thus, level of maturity varies greatly from individual to individual. tally Dr. Moin, Assistant Professor of Law at the University of Alberta, Simply because the fairish youth is less mature than the average adult does not crocked that the particular teen who commits a heinous crime is less culpable. in that location may be very(prenominal) matur e and calculating youth and very immature and naive adults. Furthermore, Dr.Brian Woo of Pepperdine University Law School adduces that, Rather than consider novels as a class in the aggregate, age alone cannot be substituted as a measure of an individuals maturity or psychological knowledge. Rather than adopt a bright line rule, the Court should allow the jury to factor in each mitigating evidence, i. e. , youth or immaturity, when ascertain an appropriate sentence. Thus, trying insipids as adults allows culpability to determine the degree and rigor of penalisation rather than whether or not an individual committed a crime the day before or the day after their 18th birthday.Punishment is expressive and s dedicate notices a clear message against crime. nerve-wracking new-fangled persons as adults gives society the ability to express the moral outrage of certain acts. According to David Gelenter of Yale University, we execute murderers in order to make a communal declar ation that murder is intolerable. A delibe localize murderer embodies evil so puckish that it defiles the community. Thus the late social philosopher Robert Nisbet Until a catharsis has been affected done trial, finished the finding of guilt and then punishment, the community is anxious, fearful, apprehensive, and above all, contaminated. soulfulness citizens throw off a right and abouttimes a duty to speak. A community has the right, too, and sometimes the duty. The community certifies births and deaths, creates marriages, educates children, and fights invaders. In laws, deeds, and ceremonies it lays down the boundary lines of genteel conduct, lines that are constantly acquire scuffed and needing renewal. Thus, trying juveniles as adults allows society to express a simple message certain acts are simply intolerable. Trying news as adults reduces crime.It is a simple law of economics that by change magnitude the cost of certain activities, individuals are less believab ly to engage in those activities. Dr. Moin states that in a study by Dr. Levitt there was a statistically significant negative kindred amid crime rates of juvenile wrongdoers and length of sentencing. Dr. Moin goes on to state that What these studies show is that juveniles do respond to generate rates and punishment, especially for knockdown-dragout crimes, and that they respond at least as much to punishment as adults do. Thus, trying juveniles as adults reduces crime by deterring others and preventing those susceptible to crime from having the ability to do so. adolescents are more likely to be raped in the Juvenile legal expert System. Rather than def termination juvenile wrongdoers, the juvenile legal expert constitution endangers them far greater than the adult governing body. According to David Kaiser Across the country, 12. 1% of kids questioned in the Bureau of Justice Statistics travel along said that theyd been sexually abused at their current facility durin g the earlier year. Thats n advance(prenominal) one in eight.In total, according to the most recent selective information, there are nearly 93,000 kids in juvenile detention on any given day we can say confidently that the BJSs 3,220 signifier represents only a small fraction of the children sexually abused in detention every year. The reason for this epidemic is clear. According to David Kaiser, Adults who insufficiency to withstand sex with children sometimes look for jobs that get out make it easy. They want authorisation over kids, but no onerous supervision they besides want positions that will make them seem more trustworthy than their potential accusers. In a sense, juvenile detention facilities are like flashing northeast lights for potential pedophiles. This is by no means rehabilitative. Having consequences harsher for violent crimes in juvenile acts as an avoidance to the youth. The prevention theory states that if the consequence of committing a crime outweigh s the benefit of the crime itself, the individual will be deterred from committing the crime. Professor of law Scot and professor of psychology Steinberg said first, the threat of harsh sanctions may deter future crime generally by discouraging youths from ever getting involved in wrong activity.Second, imprisonment prevents crime by change offenders. Third, imprisonment could reduce future crime by rehabilitating young offenders so that they will mend their cruel ways Champion and Mays, Criminal Justice Professors at California State University said Deterrence presumes that punishing an offender will prevent him or her from committing further acts of deviation, or will rede others from law-violating way, and the transfer of juveniles to adult court should serve a deterrent function.The adult criminal justice schema has a worse punishment than the juvenile court therefore it will serve as a improve deterrent factor to cease the juvenile violent crime. Effective determent w ill be able to ensure safety because it will stop the crime before it happens. When the consequences are worse, there will be less crime therefore Juveniles should be treated as adults in the criminal justice system if they committed a violent crime. Others might say juveniles brains arent as developed as adults.However, you are taught to live what is right and wrong so how does your brain macrocosm not fully developed affect your capability of knowing that murder is wrong. According to Terence T. Gorski is an internationally recognized expert on substance abuse, mental health, violence, & crime and others certifiable professionals, (Ed. Judy Layzell. Ortiz, Adam. ) Scientific studies take hold determined that the human brain beneathgoes continuous development up to the age of about twenty-one. Because the brains of juveniles, particularly the frontal lobes, are not fully developed, youths lack the ability to perform critical adult functions, such as plan, anticipate consequenc es, and control impulses, states Adam Ortiz, a policy chap with the American Bar Association Juvenile Justice Center. Although juveniles should be punish for their crimes, they are not as responsible as adults. This is the premise beneath societys across-the-board restrictions on voting rights, alcohol and tobacco consumption, and serving in the armed forces, spys Ortiz. Indeed, this is why we refer to those under 18 as minors and juvenilesbecause, in so umpteen respects, they are less than adult. Murder however is a dissimilar story since you end someones life. As I said, Juveniles are TAUGHT to know what is wrong and right. The mentality of the newer generations is generally high than the children from 30 years ago. Murder is wrong and if juveniles know its wrong and fluid commits murder, why should we placid go easy on them and treat them as juveniles?In summary, trying juveniles as adults is justified by twain deontological and matter-of-fact views of justice by ensur ing culpability is the standard of punishment all the firearm deterring crime and protecting juveniles from abuse. From writing this essay, I have intentional that if I was a lawyer and I was against a juvenile in adult court, I would treat him like any other criminal because of the malignity of their crime not the perpetuators age. Even though the juveniles are under 18, they still have learned that murder is wrong and I will treat them as if they know that murder is wrong because it is a motif everyone knows.Work cited page Film When Kids Get Life. Ofra Bikel. Dir. Nathan Ybanez, Erik Jenson, Trever Jones. Andrew Medina. Perf. PBS. 2007. film Articles Thompson, Paul. Startling Finds on Teenage Brains. capital of California Bee Sacramento, CA 25 May 2001. Pg 1-2 Krikorian, Greg. Many Kids Called Unfit For Trial. The Sacramento Bee Sacramento, CA 3 Mar. 2003 1-2. Print. Liptak, Adam. Supreme Court to Rule on Executing Young Killers. The New York Times New York City, NY 3 Jan. 2005 1-2. Print. Lundstorm, Marjie. Kids Are Kids-Until They Commit Crimes. The Sacramento Bee Sacramento, CA 1 Mar. 2001 1-2. Print.Juvenile JusticeAccording to the article Many Kids Called Unfit for Adult Trial, 200,000 juveniles a year are creation tried as adults in the United States. They are sentenced to life in prison and even the death penalty. But is that what is really best for them? Putting these teens in prison for life gives them no chance to change their lives just about and learn from what theyve done. I potently cerebrate that adolescents should not be sentences as adults but still merit a huge punishment. Teenagers should not be tried as adults because teenagers brains are not fully developed as adult brains are.In his article Startling Finds on Teenage Brains, Paul Thompson states, The biggest surprise in recent teen-brain look into is the finding that a massive loss of brain tissue occurs in the teen years. How are these teens supposed to understand what they are doing if they are not fully mature and arent mentally static? Thompson also says that, Brain cells and connections are only being lost in the areas controlling impulses, risk-taking, and self-control. These children are not aware of how just their actions are and therefore, should be serviceed in a flash.These kids who are being tries as adults are not mentally able-bodied of defending themselves. According to Laurence Steinberg, a Temple University psychology professor, It is a trespass of constitutional right to be a defendant in a criminal proceeding when you are not competent to defend yourself. These juveniles being tried as adults do not understand the proceedings. They dont recognize the risks in various choices and are less likely to think about long term consequences. For example, Robert Acuna, a high civilize savant from Baytown, Texas, was given the death sentence for killing two elderly neighbors.In the article Supreme Court to Rule on Executing Youn g Killer, Ms. Magee said, He was very nonchalant. He laughed at inappropriate things. He still didnt quite get the magnitude of everything he did. there are umteen other teens like Robert who dont think before their actions. Acuna may have killed his two elderly neighbors and stolen their car, but his punishment should not have been death. I dont think that anyone should have the power to descend who should live or die, not matter what they have done. The judge who decides this and the executor who killed these kids should not be alive anymore than Robert Acuna is.Taking these kids lives away or putting them in prison for life gives them no chance to change their lives around. I extremely doubt that they will learn a lesson in prison. Even though I dont think kids should be tries as adults, they still need some sort of punishment. As Paul Thompson said, While research on brain tissue loss can help us to understand teens better, it cannot be used to excuse their violent or bloo dy sort. But it can be used as evidence that teenagers are not yet adults and the legal system shouldnt treat them as such. They could stay in jail with other teens but not for life. I also think that they need help from a therapist or psychiatrist. They are seriously impaired and need help to steer their lives in the right direction. Prison is a negative environment and will only make them worse and lead to more problems such as fights and violence. These juveniles are kids They dont have the same rights as adults. They arent allowed to drink, smoke, vote, get married, etc. They are not ready to take care of themselves or live on their own. In the article Kids are Kids-Until They Commit Crimes, a Democratic State Rep.Ron Wilson of Houston said, You want to throw the adult book at kids? Fine Lower the voting age to fourteen. I agree with Wilson. Kids arent allowed to vote because they arent mature and for the same reason, they should not be tried as adults. Even though these kids have made huge mistakes, I think they deserve a second chance in life. They shouldnt be tried as adults nor be sentenced to die. This doesnt mean that they get away with the crimes theyve committed, it just means they wont be in prison their whole life for a crime they committed when they were kids.Juvenile JusticeTreatment vs. Punishment on that point are umpteen contrastive types of crimes committed by juvenile delinquents in todays society. These crimes consist of violent crimes, post crimes, forgery, fraud, vandalism as surface as umteen others. In 2009, there were 32,638,900 youths in the United States and 1,906,600 of them were neckbanded for a type of crime. (Puzzanchera & Adams, 2012). There are many options that the Department of Juvenile Justice System can lead towards such as punishment or word, but the re come out of the closetment depends on the juvenile at hand. intimately research suggests there is a cut recidivism amongst juveniles who receive discourse. T reatment options are the ideal way to deal with juvenile delinquency. Juvenile Delinquency The definition of juvenile delinquency is a appearance against the criminal code, committed by an individual who has not reached proper matureness by state or federal law. (Bartol & Bartol, 2011). Different states have different age of legal powers ranging from ages 15 through 17 which 37 states have adopted. The age of the youth dictates whether the juvenile court or the adult court system has authority over the case. (Listwan, 2013, Sec 1. 2). For instance, if a juvenile committed a crime in geographical mile at the age of 17 the jurisdiction would be in adult court system. Treatment and Punishment Concepts There is a debate on whether juvenile delinquents should be punished for their crimes, or if they should be rehabilitated for the crimes they committed. When many the great unwashed look at the court system they may believe that the juvenile justice system is geared towards punishment b ut in the early(prenominal), the juvenile justice system was geared towards reformation. Historically, the juvenile justice system was oriented toward refilling and care of the youth. (Listwan, 2013, Sec 1. 3). In recent years, society is getting back to rehabilitation concepts by incorporating different sermon options whereas in the 1970s a psychologist by the name of Robert Martinson did a study on whether or not manipulation reduced recidivism rates. In his study, Martinson concluded that manipulation did not lead to spurn recidivism rates and stated, nought whole caboodle when it came to handling. (Listwan, 2013).Currently in the midst of juvenile delinquency, research is showing that treatment operate are working by as much as 3035 share. (Listwan, 2013). In Australia, a study was conducted on recidivism rates for juvenile offenders and they reported that 1,500 juvenile justice clients reoffended, which was a 61 per centum development. (Day, Howells & Rickwood, 2 004). They were astonished by this number and began to implement rehabilitation known as a what works approach to offenders. This approach can be summarized by a core set of principles of human service delivery.Collectively, these principles suggest that reductions in recidivism can be maximized when programs select appropriate candidates, target factors that directly look up to their offending, and are delivered in ways that facilitate discipline. (Day, Howells & Rickwood, 2004, Para 5). This program appears to be working at the recidivism rates are diminish. The United States is also implementing rehabilitation programs to help reduce recidivism rates. More than 30 years of research has produced a body of evidence that clearly demonstrates that rehabilitation programs work. (Przybylski, 2008, Pg 2). Juvenile Sex Offenders and Juvenile Justice Intervention Strategy A juvenile sex offender is described as a youth who has been convicted of a sex crime which may include rape, sodo my, fondling, or other forced sexual act. (Listwan, 2013). numerous people believe that society should throw away the key on these juvenile sex offenders. Sex offenders are often placed on the lowest rung of the criminal hierarchy meaning that most people feel that sex offenders are the worst of the worst. (Listwan, 2013, Sec 9. 4).In some cases, if a child does not receive the proper counseling needed, they can grow up committing the same acts of violence which were bestowed on them. For instance, violence becomes a learned problem-solving technique transmitted from one generation to the next in a phenomenon known as the cycle of violence. (Collica & Furst, 2012, Sec 7. 1). If a youth does end up committing this act of violence, they are first adjudicated by the court system and will receive their sentencing. A judge will either enrapture them to a treatment facility or else may send them to a detention center depending on the age of the juvenile.All judges seem to believe that family structure and prior record are almost equally pregnant factors in determining offenders likelihood of rehabilitation. (DAngelo, 2010). There are many treatment facilities which deal detailally with juvenile sex offenders. Psychologists are becoming more optimistic in the treatment of sex offenders. First, they believe that the most in effect(p) discourses, or treatment methods, are those that follow the principles of risk, need, and responsivity (RNR). (Bartol & Bartol, 2011, Pg 403).Other treatment which appears to be no-hit is cognitive mienal therapy which shapes the behavior as well as mentation pattern in offenders. This therapy teaches juveniles on their thinking pattern on some situation and how that can influence their actions in some situations. Cognitive behavior therapy argues that maladaptive sexual behaviors are learned according to the same rules as normal sexual behavior, by means of classical and/or submissive conditioning, modeling, reinforcement, ge neralization, and punishment. (Bartol & Bartol, 2011, Pg 404).A great deal of studies suggests that cognitive behavior therapy appears to be the best treatment in reducing recidivism amongst juvenile delinquents whether this include sexual offences or any other type of offences. Juveniles who complete a cognitive-behavioral program are less likely to commit sexual or any re-offenses than are juveniles who do not receive treatment, receive an alternative treatment, or do not complete treatment. (Przybylski, 2008, Pg 53). Multisystemic therapy (MST) is also a successful treatment approach for serious juvenile offenders.This therapy option addresses the cognitive and systemic factors such as family, peers, as well as school which are associated with risk factors. The juvenile, counselor as well as the family work together. In a study conducted, The selective information showed that MST participants had significantly lower recidivism rates at follow-up than did those participants who received individual therapy (50% vs. 81%, respectively). Recidivism, depending on the study, refers to re-arrest, reconviction, or incarceration after an initial juvenile arrest, conviction, or incarceration. (Bartol & Bartol, 2011, Pg 168). In conglutination Carolina, there is a successful hitch program called Sexual revilement Intervention Services. This program is located at Barium Spring. This program offers, This program offers, psychosexual evaluation (Sex Offense particular(prenominal) Evaluation), in-home family therapy, weekly sex offense specific classify therapy, individual therapy, differentiate safety plans in the home, school and community, case managementcoordinating and supervise services, ongoing consultation with juvenile court counselors to monitor clients reatment progress and status in the home/community, family reunification when appropriate, step-down services for clients who are transitioning back into the community from residential placement. (Foster, 2013). This program believes in treating juvenile sex offenders to reduce recidivism. The program appears to be successful for the fact that many juvenile sex offender clients at a local group home attended this program and none of them have reoffended. Unfortunately, there is no data operable.Juvenile Crime Statistics Different states have different statistics on juvenile offenders. In 2009, 1,906,600 juveniles were arrested for various types of crimes in the United States. During that year, there were 722,000 youths in genus Arizona, 1,096,000 in Michigan, and 971,900 youths in pairing Carolina. (Puzzanchera, Adams, & Kang, 2012). In that same year, Arizona had 52,062 juveniles arrested for various crimes Michigan had 36,643 juvenile arrested and trade union Carolina had 48,634 for various crimes.Statistics indicate that in Arizona, 1,366 juveniles were arrested for violent crimes including rape, robbery and aggravated assault and 11,181 were arrested for property crimes incl uding burglary, larceny, motor vehicle theft, arson as well as many others. In Michigan there were 2,136 juveniles arrested for violent crimes and 10,993 were arrested for property crimes. North Carolina statistics show that 2,483 juveniles were arrested for violent crimes and 12,766 were arrested for property crime. (Puzzanchera, Adams, & Kang, 2012).The arrest rate in juveniles has steadily decreased from the 1990s through present time in Arizona, Michigan and North Carolina. Society would agree that this decrease in crime is beneficial to every person in the community. Arizona, Michigan and North Carolina juvenile arrests consist of every race including flannel, dumb, Indian, Asian, Latino, as well as many others. Not one particular race committed any acts of violence, but instead all races. For instance, in Arizona, 10,259 White juveniles committed violent crimes and 34,070 committed property crimes. ,465 Black juveniles committed violent crimes and 3,191 committed property c rimes including medicine charges. 5,016 Hispanic juveniles committed violent crimes and 15,388 committed property crimes. (Halliday, 2011). In Michigan, violent crime data indicates that nine Black juveniles committed murders and one White committed murder. 476 black juveniles were arrested for aggravated assault, 418 arrests for White juveniles, and 12 arrests of Hispanic juveniles. (Elam, Siemon & Fitzpatrick, 2012).As for robbery in Michigan, 384 were Black juveniles, whereas 39 were White and six were Hispanic juveniles. Property crimes such as larceny show that 3,131 arrests were White juveniles, 2,241 arrests were Black juveniles and 151 were Hispanic juveniles. (Elam, Siemon & Fitzpatrick, 2012). For burglary crimes, there were 630 arrests of White juveniles, 651 arrests of Black juveniles and 29 arrests of Hispanic juveniles. In North Carolina, the statistics are different than Arizona as well as Michigan. The state of North Carolina analyzes their data according to class felonies.For instance, in 2009 the juvenile arrest rate for Black juveniles with a class A-E felony which includes, murder, rape, sexual assault, manslaughter, drug crimes, sexual battery, robbery as well as others was 485 juveniles. (NCDJJ, 2010). There were 226 White juveniles convicted of a class A-E felony and 28 Hispanic. In the class F-I felony which includes property crimes, the data indicated 4,816 Black juveniles were arrested, 2,837 White juveniles were arrested as well as 1,670 Hispanics were arrested. (NCDJJ, 2010).Males along with fe viriles both account for crimes committed on adult as well as juvenile levels. Numerous people believe that males make up arrest statistics, but females contribute to these arrests. For instance, in the state of Arizona, 16,943 females were arrested in 2009. 34,659 juvenile males were arrested that same year. The female juveniles accounted for 4,611 violent crimes and 12,332 property crimes. 7,804 arrests were made for violent crimes amongs t males and 26, 855 for property crimes. (Halliday, 2011).In Michigan, juvenile females accounted for 6,484 arrests in 2009. Male arrest rates were much higher at 14,814. (Elam, Siemon & Fitzpatrick, 2012). The number of arrests statewide decreased for both male and female juveniles between 2005 and 2009, with violent crimes by females decreasing more slightly than violent crimes by males. (Elam, Siemon & Fitzpatrick, 2012, Pg 43). In 2009, there were 2,734 juvenile females arrested for larceny theft as well as 2,894 juvenile males arrested for larceny theft.Unfortunately, there was no data uncommitted for juvenile gender arrests except that all arrests made were 75% male juveniles. (NCDJJ, 2010). Different states have different age dictates on who commits an act of violence. Unfortunately, not all states have data on the age ranges for youths such as Arizona. In Michigan, for instance, 86 percentage of arrests for sex offences were between the ages of 13 through 16. (Elam, Siem on & Fitzpatrick, 2012). In 2009, juveniles between the age of seven through 10, 276 were arrested which represented 1. percent of total arrests that year. (Elam, Siemon & Fitzpatrick, 2012). In North Carolina, 3. 11 undisciplined rates per 1,000 between the ages of six to 17 were arrested. The delinquent Rate per 1,000 between the ages of six to 15 was 29. 14 in 2009. (NCDJJ, 2010). State Treatment Every state has different treatment options for juveniles. Most states offer teen courts for juvenile delinquents. For instance, in Arizona, Teen Court hears the matter and determines an appropriate, constructive consequence, using established guidelines. (Starky, 2012). These constructive consequences range from community service hours, restitution, a letter of apology, counseling, tutoring, research papers, educational classes, skill-building classes, as well as a few others. Arizona also offers early intervention programs such as Court Unified Truancy curtailment Program, Families in Need of Services, Drug Diversion Program, as well as School Safety Program. The state of Michigan also tries early intervention as well as treatment programs for their juvenile delinquents.For instance, Michigan presently has three rehabilitation facilities which focus on therapy as well as specialized treatment programs. Unfortunately, Michigan cut their budget on treatment facilities from 2000 which had approximately 10 facilities. This state offers early intervention programs one in particular called Juvenile Accountability Block Grants JABG program. This programs mission is to Reduce juvenile offending through accountability-based programs focused on juvenile offenders and the juvenile justice system. (DHS, 2013).North Carolina also prefers treatment instead of punishment. The Division offers services for youth by establishing and maintaining a seamless comprehensive juvenile justice system that promotes juvenile delinquency prevention, intervention and treatment. (NCDPS, 20 12). North Carolina juvenile justice system focuses to fix families, promote delinquency prevention, support core social institutions, intervene immediately and effectively when delinquent behavior occurs and identify and control the small group of serious, violent, and chronic juvenile offenders in the local communities. NCDPS, 2012). North Carolina offers many facilities for juveniles around the state and a great deal of these facilities includes crime specific treatment. When juveniles are adjudicated and once they are released they may continue on the same caterpillar track and commit other crimes. Often times, juveniles will continue with this circle and end up back in juvenile detention centers or on probation. The Arizona Department of Juvenile corrections had a 12 month recidivism rate of 34. 1percent for juveniles released during 2008.The number dropped from 2006 which indicated there was a 48 percent recidivism rate. (ADJC, 2010). In Michigan, the recidivism rate measure d by a felony conviction was 22 percent at two years after release during 2004. The number dropped from the precedent year at 24 percent. Recidivism rates were higher for minority youths than for white-hot youths. (MDHS, 2013). In 2004 in North Carolina, the recidivism rate for juvenile delinquents was 26. 7 percent. (Beck, Calhoun, Hevener & Katzenelson, 2007). Arizona appears to have the highest recidivism rate in all three states. TheoriesThere is no bring evidence which addresses juvenile delinquency but a mixture of biological, psychological and sociological. The biological theory explains that physical attributes as well as genetic endowment may lead a juvenile to commit crimes. Biological explanations of behavior focus on biological properties of an individual, including the individuals genetic background, structural damage in the brain, or the role of various chemicals in the nervous system. (Wilson, 2012, Sec 1. 5). heredity also plays a major role in behavior and cri minal actions are believed to have run down in the family. Hereditary explanations of author hold that criminality in some families is hereditary, and that deviance is genetically encoded in those born into the family group. (Martin, 2005, Pg 76). Research believes that hormones may have an jolt on people committing crimes such as higher testosterone. Studies find that men with high levels of testosterone are more likely to be aggressive. More importantly, studies find that hormones can impact the brain, making individuals less sensitive to stimuli, so they in turn essay out more thrilling situations to stimulate their brain. (Listwan, 2013, Sec 3. 4). Another exponent could include the environment the juvenile resides. Environment can play a crucial role such a brain development, depression, anxiety, aggression as well as hyperactivity. Numerous people believe that the environment plays a significant role on behavior which can be stemmed from parents raising their children. C riminals and delinquents are stimulated (reinforced) by their environment to continue playacting out defiantly until they are punished in some manner. (Martin, 2005, Pg 81).With this being said, when a juvenile is rewarded for their deviance, and receive no punishment or treatment for breaking the law, they will continue to do so until they are adjudicated. psychological theory which is also the personality theory suggests that there is a relationship between crime and personality. Juvenile delinquents and adult criminals are, according to psychoanalytic theory, persons without sufficiently developed egos and superegos. If the moralistic superego is weak, a person can easily act out on his or her primal urges without remorse (an unchecked id), and mislabel deviance as acceptable behavior. (Martin, 2005, Pg 80). Another theory under the psychological theory is the conditioning theory. This portion explains that a persons future behavior is conditioned by his or her past experiences . The interrelationships between individuals, socioeconomic groups, social processes, and societal structures are known as the sociological theory. It is believes that a lower living class has a higher crime rate. The UCR shows that there is a class crime relationship, meaning crime rates are higher among those who are lower in class areas. (Listwan, 2013, Sec 3. 5). For instance, in many lower class areas, parents work to support their family, thus in return youths do not have any supervision. The youths in light of the freedom, tend to get into trouble. For instance, in Gladwin County in Michigan indicates this is the one of Michigans counties with the highest number of juvenile poverty rate which is over 29 percent. This county also has the states highest juvenile arrest rate. With this being said, socioeconomic considerations have an impact on the influences in juvenile delinquency.Treatment There are many treatment options for juveniles which have become readily available. The best type of treatment option would be early intervention. Youths should start young in learning to control their behavior as well as take responsibility for their actions. Numerous people will look at juvenile delinquents and give up on their treatment. They may think that he or she is past the point of rehabilitation. A beneficial program that parents should incorporate in their daily lives is called the Incredible old age Series (IYS) Program.This program not only works for children who display behavioral or conduct disorders, but also for other children. This program is geared towards children between the ages of two through ten. The Incredible Years Parents, Teachers, and Children Training Series, is designed to prevent, reduce, and treat conduct problems among children ages 2 to 10 and to increase their social competence. (Wilson, 2000, Pg 1). Some goals to reduce conduct problems in children include decreasing negative behaviors and noncompliance with parents at home, dec reasing peer aggression and disruptive behaviors in the classroom.Other goals include promoting social, emotional, and academic competence in children such as change magnitude childrens social skills, increasing childrens understanding of feelings, increasing childrens conflict management skills and decrease negative attributions, as well as increasing academic engagement, school readiness, and cooperation with teachers. A substantial body of research has clearly shown that young children with early-onset behavioral problems are at significantly greater risk of having severe antisocial difficulties, academic underachievement, school dropout, violence, and drug abuse in adolescence and adulthood. (Webster-Stratton & Herman, 2010). With this program, all children can have a crime free future. Conclusion In conclusion, treatment options are the ideal way to deal with juvenile delinquency. There are many attributes which take place in dealing with punishment or treatment for juvenile offenders. Most research suggests that treatment is the best options and helps reduce recidivism rate. For juvenile sex offenders, specific treatment helps reduce the likelihood of recidivism especially with cognitive behavior therapy.There are also numerous programs such as the one in North Carolina which deals directly with juvenile sex offenders. The program has a good turn around rate with the local group home facility. Every state has different data, and while comparing this data opens a persons eyes as to the crime rate in their community. When people observe this data it gives them an incentive to get out in the community and help these juvenile delinquents. Even though Arizona has the least amount of juvenile arrests, this state has the highest recidivism rate amongst Arizona, Michigan as well as North Carolina.When trying to pin point on why a juvenile acts out, biological, psychological and sociological theories all play a major role. The conclude can be from heredity, pe rsonality, environment as well as socioeconomic considerations. There are many early intervention programs readily available for youths as well as juvenile delinquents which have already committed a crime. Parent should begin to take an initiative in their children life at an early age to stop the deviant behavior in the future. After all, these children are our future. References Alexander, M. A. (1999).Sexual offender treatment efficacy revisited. Sexual Abuse Journal OfResearch And Treatment, 11(2), 101-116. doi10. 1007/BF02658841. Retrieved fromEBSCOhost Database. Bartol, C. R. , & Bartol, A. M. (2011). 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